Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Therapeutic regimen management Application of NANDA, NOC, NIC
Margaret Lunney
NANDA Definition: Pattern of regulating and integrating into daily living a program for treatment of illness and the sequelae of illness that is unsatisfactory for meeting specific health goals
Defining Characteristics: Choices of daily living ineffective for meeting the goals of a treatment or prevention program; verbalizes that did not take action to reduce risk factors for progression of illness and sequelae; verbalizes desire to manage the treatment of illness and prevention of sequelae; verbalizes difficulty with regulation of one or more prescribed regimens for prevention of complications and the treatment or illness or its effects; verbalizes that did not take action to include treatment regimens in daily routines
Related Factors: Perceived barriers; social support deficits; powerlessness; perceived susceptibility; perceived benefits; mistrust of regimen and/or health care personnel; knowledge deficit; family patterns of health care; family conflict; excessive demands made on individual or family; economic difficulties; decisional conflicts; complexity of therapeutic regimen; complexity of health care system; perceived seriousness; inadequate number and types of cues to action
NOC Outcomes
(Nursing Outcomes Classification)
Suggested
NOC Labels
·Decision
Making
·Knowledge:
Disease Process
·Knowledge:
Treatment Regimen
·Participation:
Health Care Decisions
·Symptom
Severity
·Treatment
Behavior: Illness or Injury
Client
Outcomes
·Describes
daily food and fluid intake that meets therapeutic goals
·Describes
activity/exercise patterns that meet therapeutic goals
·Describes
scheduling of medications to meet therapeutic goals
·Verbalizes
ability to manage therapeutic regimens
·Collaborates
with health providers to decide on a therapeutic regimen that is congruent with
health goals and lifestyle
NIC
Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification)
Suggested
NIC Labels
·Anticipatory
Guidance
·Health
Education
·Health
Screening
·Health
System Guidance
·Learning
Facilitation
·Learning
Readiness Enhancement
·Risk
Identification
·Self-Modification
Assistance
Nursing
Interventions and Rationales
·NOTE: This diagnosis does not have the same
meaning as the diagnosis Noncompliance.
This diagnosis is made with the client. If the client does not agree with the
diagnosis, it should not be made (Lunney, 1997; Bakker, Kastermans, Dassen,
1995).
·See
care plans for Effective
Therapeutic regimen management and Ineffective family Therapeutic
regimen management.
·Establish
a collaborative partnership with the client for purposes of meeting
health-related goals. Partnerships
with health care consumers are different than traditional roles in health care.
Partnerships enable the consumer to take an active role in decision-making
regarding the therapeutic regimen (Courtney et al, 1996; Lunney, 1997).
·Discuss
all strategies with the client in the context of the client's culture. Culture affects all decisions for
meeting therapeutic goals (Degazon, 2000).
·Review
daily actions that are not therapeutic. Client
and nurse/provider should agree on which actions are not therapeutic as a basis
for interventions.
·Identify
the reasons for actions that are not therapeutic (e.g., inaccurate perceptions
of risks, fatigue, pain) and discuss alternatives. There are many possible reasons for actions that do not
meet therapeutic goals. Older women, for example, may not increase their
activity levels because they have inaccurate perceptions of the related risks
(Cousins, 2000). Fatigue and pain can have profound effects on ability to
perform therapeutic actions (Thorne, Paterson, 2000). Perceptions may differ
according to diseases (e.g., people with pulmonary diseases are more likely
than others to blame themselves for their condition) (Thorne, Paterson, 2000). Substantial numbers of older
adults are fatalistic about their diseases (Goodwin, Black, Satish, 1999).
·Explain
the rationales for specific therapeutic regimens to meet health-related goals. Knowledge of scientific rationales
improves client's understanding of and increases responsibility for the
therapeutic regimen.
·Provide
information about the therapeutic regimen in various formats (e.g., brochure,
video, written instructions). People
learn in various ways (e.g., visual, auditory). Therapeutic regimens that are
prescribed by health providers are often harder to learn than providers
realize. Adequate resources are needed to enhance learning (Lubkin, 1998).
·Deliberate
with the client on changes that are possible to meet therapeutic goals. Although decisions about actions to
meet therapeutic goals are made by the client, the presence of the nurses and
the collaborative nature of a nurse-client relationship can help the client
with decision-making.
·Encourage
critical thinking to consider strategies for changes in behavior. Habits that are unhealthy (e.g.,
overeating, smoking) are difficult to change. The impetus for change must come
from the client, but the nurse can prompt the client to consider alternative
strategies.
·Assess
temporal orientation and relationship to management of therapeutic regimen. Temporal orientation differs among
cultures. The client's orientation to the present or the future was shown to
affect management of hypertension and may also affect other therapeutic
regimens (Brown, Segal, 1996).
·Develop
a contract with the client to maintain motivation for changes in behavior. Developing a contract between nurse
and client, or helping the client to develop a contract with self, provides a
concrete means of keeping track of actions to meet health-related goals
(Clemen-Stone, McGuire, Eigsti, 1998).
·Review
methods of contacting health provider(s) as needed for changes in therapeutic
regimen. People with
chronic illnesses need to know how to obtain interventions that are needed in
the future (Lubkin, 1998).
Multicultural
·Assess
for the influence of cultural beliefs, norms, and values on the client's
ability to modify health behavior. What
the client considers normal and abnormal health behavior may be based on
cultural perceptions (Leininger, 1996).
·Discuss
with the client those aspects of his or her health behavior/lifestyle that will
remain unchanged by the therapeutic regimen. Aspects
of the client's life that are meaningful and valuable to him or her should be
understood and preserved without change (Leininger, 1996).
·Negotiate
with the client regarding the aspects of health behavior that will need to be
modified. Give and take
with the client will lead to culturally congruent care (Leininger, 1996).
·Assess
the role of fatalism on the client's ability to adopt the therapeutic regimen. Fatalistic perspectives, which
involve the belief that you cannot control your own fate, influence health
behaviors in some African-American and Latino populations (Phillips, Cohen,
Moses, 1999; Harmon, Castro, Coe, 1996).
·Validate
the client's feelings regarding the impact of therapeutic regimen on current
lifestyle. Validation lets
the client know that the nurse has heard and understands what was said, and it
promotes the nurse-client relationship (Stuart, Laraia, 2001; Giger,
Davidhizer, 1995).
Client/Family
Teaching
·Teach
client/family about all aspects of therapeutic regimens; provide as much
knowledge as client/family will accept; adjust instruction to account for what
family already knows; provide information in a culturally congruent manner.
·Teach
ways to adjust daily activities for inclusion of therapeutic regimens.
·Teach
safety in taking medications.
·Teach
client to act as self-advocate with health providers who prescribe therapeutic
regimens.
Anemia is a clinical condition in which total number of red blood cells or the quantity of hemoglobin in blood declines than the normal level so the oxygen binding ability of hemoglobin is decreased.
Anemia is a relatively common disorder where one’s body does not produce enough red blood corpuscles (or cells) in the blood. As a result, the reduced number of cells does not have enough of the protein hemoglobin, which contains iron and transports oxygen around one’s bloodstream, thus the patient feels weak and looks pale – the most noticeable symptoms of anemia.
Types of Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia;
Folate deficiency anemia;
Sickle Cell Disease; and
Thalassemia.
Signs and symptoms Anemia in some individuals may remain hidden as the symptoms do not arise very frequently. The signs and symptoms may depend upon the underlying cause. Individuals suffering from anemia generally show non-specific symptoms like weakness, general malaise and poor concentration. They may also report shortness of breath on exertion. In very severe forms the body compensates for the lack of oxygen carrying capacity of blood cells by increasing the cardiac output. The patient may also complain of palpitation, angina, and intermittent claudication of legs and signs of heart failure. Other prominent symptoms include jaundice, bone deformities or leg ulcers. In severe forms tachycardia, bounding pulse, flow murmurs and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy may also occur. Symptoms of heart failure may also arise. Pica, a symptom of iron deficiency arises after the consumption of non-food items like paper, wax, glass and ice. Chronic anemia may also cause behavioral changes in the children resulting in impaired neurological development. Restless legs syndrome is very common in individuals with iron deficiency anemia. Less frequent symptoms include swelling of legs, arms, chronic heartburn, vomiting, increased sweating and loss of blood in stool.
Knowledge, deficient regarding condition, treatment program, self-care, and discharge needs related to lack of exposure and information, misinterpretation of information and unfamiliarity with information resources.
Deficient Knowledge Definition: Absence or deficiency of cognitive information related to a specific topic Defining Characteristics: Verbalization of the problem; inaccurate follow-through of instruction; inaccurate performance of test; inappropriate or exaggerhttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gifated behaviors (e.g., hysterical, hostile, agitated, apathetic)
Related Factors:
Lack of exposure lack of recall information misinterpretation cognitive limitation lack of interest in learning unfamiliarity with information resources
Bowel Incontinence NANDA Definition: Change in normal bowel habits characterized by involuntary passage of stool.
Bowel Incontinence Defining Characteristics : Constant dribbling of soft stool, fecal odor; inability to delay defecation; rectal urgency; self-report of inability to feel rectal fullness or presence of stool in bowel; fecal staining of underclothing; recognizes rectal fullness but reports inability to expel formed stool; inattention to urge to defecate; inability to recognize urge to defecate, red perianal skin
Bowel Incontinence Related Factors: Change in stool consistency (diarrhea, constipation, fecal impaction); abnormal motility (metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, infectious disease, drug induced motility disorders, food intolerance); defects in rectal vault function (low rectal compliance from ischemia, fibrosis, radiation, infectious proctitis, Hirschprung's disease, local or infiltrating neoplasm, severe rectocele); sphincter dysfunction (obstetric or traumatic induced incompetence, fistula or abscess, prolapse, third degree hemorrhoids, pseudodyssynergia of the pelvic muscles); neurological disorders impacting gastrointestinal motility, rectal vault function and sphincter function (cerebrovascular accident, spinal injury, traumatic brain injury, central nervous system tumor, advanced stage dementia, encephalopathy, profound mental retardation, multiple sclerosis, myelodysplasia and related neural tube defects, gastroparesis of diabetes mellitus, heavy metal poisoning, chronic alcoholism, infectious or autoimmune neurological disorders, myasthenia gravis)
Client Outcomes • Regular, complete evacuation of fecal contents from the rectal vault • Defecates soft-formed stoolhttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif • Decreased or absence of bowel incontinence incidences • Intact skin in the perianal/perineal area • Demonstrates the ability to isolate, contract, and relax pelvic muscles , Increases pelvic muscle strength .
NIC Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification) Suggested NIC Labels • Bowel Incontinence Care • Bowel Training • Bowel Incontinence Care: Encopresis
NANDA Definition: Incomplete emptying of the bladder
Defining Characteristics: Measured urinary residual >150 to 200 ml or 25% of total bladder capacity; obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms (poor force of stream, intermittency of stream, hesitancy of urination, postvoiding dribbling, feelings of incomplete bladder emptying); irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (urgency to urinate, diurnal frequency of urination, nocturia); overflow incontinence (dribbling urine loss caused when intravesical pressure overwhelms the sphincter mechanism)
Related Factors:
Bladder outlet obstruction: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, prostatitis, urethral stricture, bladder neck dyssynergia, bladder neck contracture, detrusor striated sphincter dyssynergia, obstructing cystocele or urethral distortion, urethral tumor, urethral polyp, posterior urethral valves, postoperative complication Deficient detrusor contraction strength: sacral level spinal lesions, cauda equina syndrome, peripheral polyneuropathies, herpes zoster or simplex affecting sacral nerve roots, injury or extensive surgery causing denervation of pelvic plexus, medication side effect, complication of illicit drug use, impaction of stool
NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification) Suggested NOC Labels · Urinary Elimination · Urinary Continence Client Outcomes · Completely and regularly eliminates urine from the bladder; measured urinary residual volume is <150 to 200 ml or 25% of total bladder capacity (voided volume plus urinary residual volume) · Correction or relief from obstructive symptoms · Correction or alleviation of irritative symptoms · Client is free of upper urinary tract damage (renal function remains sufficient; absence of febrile urinary infections) NIC Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification) Suggested NIC Labels · Urinary Catheterization
Mola hidatidosa adalah chorionic villi (jonjotan/gantungan) yang tumbuh berganda berupa gelembung-gelembung kecil yang mengandung banyak cairan sehingga menyerupai buah anggur atau mata ikan. Karena itu disebut juga hamil anggur atau mata ikan. (Mochtar, Rustam, dkk, 1998 : 238)
Mola hidatidosa adalah kehamilan abnormal, dengan ciri-ciri stoma villus korialis langka, vaskularisasi dan edematus. Janin biasanya meninggal akan tetapi villus-villus yang membesar dan edematus itu hidup dan tumbuh terus, gambaran yang diberikan adalah sebagai segugus buah anggur. (Wiknjosastro, Hanifa, dkk, 2002 : 339).
Mola hidatidosa adalah kehamilan abnormal di mana hampir seluruh villi kariolisnya mengalami perubahan hidrofobik.(Mansjoer, Arif, dkk, 2001 : 265). Mola hidatidosa adalah kelainan villi chorialis yang terdiri dari berbagai tingkat proliferasi tropoblast dan edema stroma villi. (Jack A. Pritchard, dkk, 1991 : 514)
Mola hidatidosa adalah pembengkakan kistik, hidropik, daripada villi choriales, sdisertai proliperasi hiperplastik dan anaplastik epitel chorion. Tidak terbentuk fetus ( Soekojo, Saleh, 1973 : 325). Mola hidatidosa adalah perubahan abnormal dari villi korionik menjadi sejumlah kista yang menyerupai anggur yang dipenuhi dengan cairan. Embrio mati dan mola tumbuh dengan cepat, membesarnya uterus dan menghasilkan sejumlah besar human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (Hamilton, C. Mary, 1995 : 104)
B. Etiologi
Penyebab mola hidatidosa tidak diketahui secara pasti, namun faktor penyebabnya adalah :
Faktor ovum : ovum memang sudah patologik sehingga mati , tetapi terlambat dikeluarkan.
Imunoselektif dari tropoblast.
Keadaan sosio-ekonomi yang rendah.
Paritas tinggie.Kekurangan proteinf.Infeksi virus dan faktor kromosom yang belum jelas.
(Mochtar, Rustam ,1998 : 23)
C. Patofisiologi
Mola hidatidosa dapat terbagi menjadi :
Mola hidatidosa komplet (klasik), jika tidak ditemukan janin.
Mola hidatidosa inkomplet (parsial), jika disertai janin atau bagian janin.
Ada beberapa teori yang diajukan untuk menerangkan patogenesis dari penyakit trofoblast :
Teori missed abortion
Mudigah mati pada kehamilan 3 – 5 minggu karena itu terjadi gangguan peredarah darah sehingga terjadi penimbunan cairan masenkim dari villi dan akhirnya terbentuklah gelembung-gelembung.
Teori neoplasma dari Park
Sel-sel trofoblast adalah abnormal dan memiliki fungsi yang abnormal dimana terjadi reabsorbsi cairan yang berlebihan ke dalam villi sehigga timbul gelembung.
Studi dari Hertig
Studi dari Hertig lebih menegaskan lagi bahwa mola hidatidosa semata-mata akibat akumulasi cairan yang menyertai degenerasi awal atau tiak adanya embrio komplit pada minggu ke tiga dan ke lima. Adanya sirkulasi maternal yang terus menerus dan tidak adanya fetus menyebabkan trofoblast berproliferasi dan melakukan fungsinya selama pembentukan cairan.
(Silvia, Wilson, 2000 : 467)
D. Tanda dan Gejala
Tanda dan gejala kehamilan dini didapatkan pada mola hidatidosa. Kecurigaaan biasanya terjadi pada minggu ke 14 - 16 dimana ukuran rahim lebih besar dari kehamilan biasa, pembesaran rahim yang terkadang diikuti perdarahan, dan bercak berwarna merah darah beserta keluarnya materi seperti anggur pada pakaian dalam. Tanda dan gejala serta komplikasi mola :
Mual dan muntah yang parah yang menyebabkan 10% pasien masuk RS.
Pembesaran rahim yang tidak sesuai dengan usia kehamilan (lebih besar).
Gejala – gejala hipertitoidisme seperti intoleransi panas, gugup, penurunan BB yang tidak dapat dijelaskan, tangan gemetar dan berkeringat, kulit lembab.
Gejala – gejala pre-eklampsi seperti pembengkakan pada kaki dan tungkai, peningkatan tekanan darah, proteinuria (terdapat protein pada air seni).
E. Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Pemeriksaan penunjang yang dapat dilakukan adalah :
Serum ß-hCG untuk memastikan kehamilan dan pemeriksaan ß-hCG serial (diulang pada interval waktu tertentu).
Ultrasonografi (USG). Melalui pemeriksaan USG kita dapat melihat adakah janin di dalan kantung gestasi (kantung kehamilan) dan kita dapat mendeteksi gerakan maupun detak jantung janin. Apabila semuanya tidak kita temukan di dalam pemeriksaan USG maka kemungkinan kehamilan ini bukanlah kehamilan yang normal.
Foto roentgen dada.
F. Penatalaksanaan Medis
Penanganan yang biasa dilakukan pada mola hidatidosa adalah :
Diagnosis dini akan menguntungkan prognosis.
Pemeriksaan USG sangat membantu diagnosis. Pada fasilitas kesehatan di mana sumber daya sangat terbatas, dapat dilakukan : Evaluasi klinik dengan fokus pada : Riwayat haid terakhir dan kehamilan Perdarahan tidak teratur atau spotting, pembesaran abnormal uterus, pelunakan serviks dan korpus uteri. Kajian uji kehamilan dengan pengenceran urin. Pastikan tidak ada janin (Ballottement) atau DJJ sebelum upaya diagnosis dengan perasat Hanifa Wiknjosastro atau Acosta Sisson.
Lakukan pengosongan jaringan mola dengan segera.
Antisipasi komplikasi (krisis tiroid, perdarahan hebat atau perforasi uterus).
Lakukan pengamatan lanjut hingga minimal 1 tahun. Selain dari penanganan di atas, masih terdapat beberapa penanganan khusus yang dilakukan pada pasien dengan mola hidatidosa, yaitu : Segera lakukan evakuasi jaringan mola dan sementara proses evakuasi berlangsung berikan infus 10 IU oksitosin dalam 500 ml NaCl atau RL dengan kecepatan 40-60 tetes per menit (sebagai tindakan preventif terhadap perdarahan hebat dan efektifitas kontraksi terhadap pengosongan uterus secara tepat). Pengosongan dengan Aspirasi Vakum lebih aman dari kuretase tajam. Bila sumber vakum adalah tabung manual, siapkan peralatan AVM minimal 3 set agar dapat digunakan secara bergantian hingga pengosongan kavum uteri selesai. Kenali dan tangani komplikasi seperti tirotoksikasi atau krisis tiroid baik sebelum, selama dan setelah prosedur evakuasi. Anemia sedang cukup diberikan Sulfas Ferosus 600 mg/hari, untuk anemia berat lakukan transfusi. Kadar hCG diatas 100.000 IU/L praevakuasi menunjukkan masih terdapat trofoblast aktif (diluar uterus atau invasif), berikan kemoterapi MTX dan pantau beta-hCG serta besar uterus secara klinis dan USG tiap 2 minggu. Selama pemantauan, pasien dianjurkan untuk menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal (apabila masih ingin anak) atau tubektomy apabila ingin menghentikan fertilisasi.
Asuhan Keperawatan pada Pasien dengan Mola Hidatidosa
Pengkajian
Pengkajian adalah pendekatan sistematis untuk mengumpulkan data dan menganalisanya sehingga dapat diketahui masalah dan kebutuhan perawatan bagi klien.
Adapun hal-hal yang perlu dikaji adalah :
Biodata : mengkaji identitas klien dan penanggung yang meliputi ; nama, umur, agama, suku bangsa, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status perkawinan, perkawinan ke- , lamanya perkawinan dan alamat.
Keluhan utama : Kaji adanya menstruasi tidak lancar dan adanya perdarahan pervaginam berulang.
Riwayat kesehatan, yang terdiri atas :
Riwayat kesehatan sekarang yaitu keluhan sampai saat klien pergi ke Rumah Sakit atau pada saat pengkajian seperti perdarahan pervaginam di luar siklus haid, pembesaran uterus lebih besar dari usia kehamilan.
Riwayat kesehatan masa lalu
Riwayat pembedahan : Kaji adanya pembedahan yang pernah dialami oleh klien, jenis pembedahan , kapan , oleh siapa dan di mana tindakan tersebut berlangsung.
Riwayat penyakit yang pernah dialami : Kaji adanya penyakit yang pernah dialami oleh klien misalnya DM, jantung, hipertensi, masalah ginekologi/urinary, penyakit endokrin, dan penyakit-penyakit lainnya.
Riwayat kesehatan keluarga : Yang dapat dikaji melalui genogram dan dari genogram tersebut dapat diidentifikasi mengenai penyakit turunan dan penyakit menular yang terdapat dalam keluarga.
Riwayat kesehatan reproduksi : Kaji tentang mennorhoe, siklus menstruasi, lamanya, banyaknya, sifat darah, bau, warna dan adanya dismenorhoe serta kaji kapan menopause terjadi, gejala serta keluahan yang menyertainya.
Riwayat kehamilan , persalinan dan nifas : Kaji bagaimana keadaan anak klien mulai dari dalam kandungan hingga saat ini, bagaimana keadaan kesehatan anaknya.
Riwayat seksual : Kaji mengenai aktivitas seksual klien, jenis kontrasepsi yang digunakan serta keluahn yang menyertainya.
Riwayat pemakaian obat : Kaji riwayat pemakaian obat-obatankontrasepsi oral, obat digitalis dan jenis obat lainnya.
Pola aktivitas sehari-hari : Kaji mengenai nutrisi, cairan dan elektrolit, eliminasi (BAB dan BAK), istirahat tidur, hygiene, ketergantungan, baik sebelum dan saat sakit.
Pemeriksaan Fisik :
Inspeksi Inspeksi adalah proses observasi yang sistematis yang tidak hanya terbatas pada penglihatan tetapi juga meliputi indera pendengaran dan penghidung.
Hal yang diinspeksi antara lain :
Mengobservasi kulit terhadap warna, perubahan warna, laserasi, lesi terhadap drainase, pola pernafasan terhadap kedalaman dan kesimetrisan, bahasa tubuh, pergerakan dan postur, penggunaan ekstremitas, adanya keterbatasan fifik, dan seterusnya.
Palpasi
Palpasi adalah menyentuh atau menekan permukaan luar tubuh dengan jari.
Sentuhan : merasakan suatu pembengkakan, mencatat suhu, derajat kelembaban dan tekstur kulit atau menentukan kekuatan kontraksi uterus.
Tekanan : menentukan karakter nadi, mengevaluasi edema, memperhatikan posisi janin atau mencubit kulit untuk mengamati turgor.
Pemeriksaan dalam : menentukan tegangan/tonus otot atau respon nyeri yang abnormal.
Perkusi
Perkusi adalah melakukan ketukan langsung atau tidak langsung pada permukaan tubuh tertentu untuk memastikan informasi tentang organ atau jaringan yang ada dibawahnya.
Menggunakan jari : ketuk lutut dan dada dan dengarkan bunyi yang menunjukkan ada tidaknya cairan , massa atau konsolidasi.
Menggunakan palu perkusi : ketuk lutut dan amati ada tidaknya refleks/gerakan pada kaki bawah, memeriksa refleks kulit perut apakah ada kontraksi dinding perut atau tidak.
Auskultasi
Auskultasi adalah mendengarkan bunyi dalam tubuh dengan bentuan stetoskop dengan menggambarkan dan menginterpretasikan bunyi yang terdengar. Mendengar : mendengarkan di ruang antekubiti untuk tekanan darah, dada untuk bunyi jantung/paru abdomen untuk bising usus atau denyut jantung janin. (Johnson & Taylor, 2005 : 39)
Diagnosa Keperawatan
Diagnosa keperawatan yang mungkin muncul, antara lain :
Kekurangan volumen cairan b.d perdarahan per vaginam.
Gangguan rasa nyaman: nyeri akut b.d perdarahan, proses penjalaran penyakit.
Ketidakseimbangan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b.d penurunan asupan oral, ketidaknyamanan mulut, mual sekunder akibat peningkatan kadar ß-hCG.
Ansietas b.d ancaman intregritas biologis aktual atau yang dirasa sekunder akibat penyakit.
Ketidakefektifan pola seksualitas b.d ketakutan terkaitan perdarahan per vaginam penyakitnya.
Intervensi Keperawatan
Kekurangan volume cairan b.d perdarahan per vaginam.
Tujuan : Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 2 x 24 jam klien dapat mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan.
Kriteria Hasil :
Perdarahan tidak ada
Intervensi:
Monitor tanda-tanda vital klien dalam batas normal (TD 120/80 mmHg, nadi 88 x/menit, RR 22 – 24 x/menit, suhu 36-37° C).
Mengawasi turgor kulit rasionalnya juga untuk memonitor adanya tanda-tanda dehidrasi.
Monitor intake dan output rasionalnya kita dapat mengetahui dengan segera cairan yang masuk dan keluar baik lewat peroral maupun parental.
Tingkatkan dan pantau keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit
Pantau cairan IV
Kolaborasi dokter untuk pemberian therapy rasionalnya adalah untuk mencegah terjadinya kekurangan cairan lebih lanjut sehingga sesegera mungkin diberikan therapy.
Gangguan rasa nyaman : nyeri b.d perdarahan, proses penjalaran penyakit
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